Review+Terms

=Review Terms= **//__House of Burgesses__ - the elected house in the legislative assembly established in 1619 in the Colony of Virginia. this was the first attempt at a democratic government. (Vanessa) //** Shay’s Rebellion - (1786 - 1787) The rebellion was started in Massechusetts and was headed by Daniel Shays, a Revolutionary War veteran. Demonstraters protested high taxes and the governor's high salary. Shays' followers closed the commonwealth's supreme court in Worchester and burned barns of government officals in Springfield. Shays escaped to Vermont and was later pardoned but many were captured and some were sentenced to death. The rebellion proved that the U.S. needed a strong constitution opposed to the Articles of Confederation. (Hannah)

Maryland Toleration Act- Issued by Lord Baltimore, the Maryland Tolerance Act focused on religious tolerance of Maryland, particularly addressing the discrimination of Catholics. This act established the rule of no punishment or disadvantage to a person for religious belief. (Brittany)

Mayflower Compact- When the separatist established their settlemetn in Plymouth a basic legal system was created and signed by the Pilgrims. This "constitution" of the colony was known as the Mayflower Compact. This created a legal authority that got its power from the people. This was the first form of self government in America. (Robert)

New England Colonies- Plymouth: established by religious separatists seeking autonomy from church of England. These pilgrims sailed on theMayflower to New England after getting charter from Virginia Company. Massachusetts Bay Colony: home to many puritains, who left England because of Persecution from Crown and Church. Under Calvinist religious leaders liek James Winthrop, church made all decisions, 1st colony to establish basis of a representative government. Other New England Colonies:Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Maine. Fur trade by Connecticut River Valley, also first in America to write a constitution. New Hampshire became independent royal colony in 1679. (Devan)

 Middle Colonies-area of pre-revolutionary war colonies made up of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey. They are known as the breadbasket colonies for their production of wheat and grain. There was some slavery taking place but not nearly as much as in the South. They were the most ethnically diverse of all colonies. (Brandon)

Mercantilism- money is regarded as a store of wealth, goal is to export large quantities of goods while importing very little to establish a favorable balance of trade. In the 1780s, America wanted free trade and freedom of the seas for all, especially from Britain. (Joanna)

Southern Colonies- included Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, they were founded mainly for profit reasons, unlike the religious colonies to the north, Maryland, however, was founded as a haven for Catholics. Georgia, formed to be a buffer colony between the British colonies and Spanish Florida and French Louisiana, was launched by philanthropists as a haven for debtors. All produced cash crops such as tobacco and rice. Many southern states included an aristocratic feel to them. (Stacy)

King Philip’s War- conflict between Native Americans and New England colonists and their Native allies from 1675-1676, the bloodiest colonist-indian conflict in 17th century New England (Jake)

Great Awakening- late 1700's. This was time were people passionately believed that society was becoming godless. Johnathan Edwards was one of the leaders. (Alex)

**Peter Zenger Case**- Peter Zenger was an editor of the New York Weekly Journal and was arrested in 1734 for printing false and seditious statements about colonial officials, but he was found innocent by the jury. Basic framework for Freedom of the Press. (Brett)


 * Salutary Neglect- **  From the year 1607 to 1763, in an attempt to keep the colonies loyal to Great Britain, the British employed a policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws. It led to the Revolutionary War, because the colonies were used to having self rule, and were very unhappy when suddenly they subject to parliamentary laws. The policy was strayed from after the Seven years War, when Secretary of State William Pitt took charge of the colonies and tried to seize troops and supplies. (Abby G)

A lbany Plan of Union-  1754 drafted by Ben Franklin, each colonial legislature would send delegates to a continental assembly presided over by a royal governor... was not carried out because the British feared it would cause feelings of revolution in the colonies (Jake)  French and Indian war- 1754-1763 Also known as the seven years wars. This was fought between the British and the French. Indians joined both sides but mostly notably the French. It resulted in the French losing their territory in America. (Clark)

1st Continental Congress- representatives sent by 12 of the 13 states, discussed vauge ideas and agreed to wait and see how England responded to their ideas. also agreed to meet again (2nd Continental Congress) (Dana DeMartino)

Common Sense-a phamplet published in 1776 by Thomas Paine which argued the colonists no longer needed England and deserved their independence. (Mark)

2nd Continental Congress- The Second Continental Congress met on May 10, 1775. It was convention with the delegates from the Thirteen Colonies. They met it Philadelphia, PA soon after the start of the American Revolution. The Congress helped managed the colonial war efforts as well as taking steps towards independence. The Congress led to the creation of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 and the Articles of Confederation in 1781 which then changed its name to the Congress of Confederation. (Laura)

Declaration of Independence- Written in 1776 and sent to King George III of England. It proclaimed the assumed liberty of the colonies even though it didn't really have political power. It changed the war into a war for independence. It also asked for other countries to recognize our independence. (Rochelle)

Alexander Hamilton- First United States Secretary of treasury, he wrote most of the Federalist papers, and was a big supporter of a new constitution. The federalist party was started to support his policy. He was a nationalist who believed in a strong central government and believed that some debt was good for the country. He used the constitution to create a government owned Bank of the United States. Hamilton was opposed by Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. Lastly he was in a duel with Aaron Burr where he was mortally wounded. (KALE)

Thomas Jefferson- an American Revolutionary, he was a statesman from Virginia at the Continental Congress. He wrote the declaration of independence. A strict constitutionist, he strongly supported state’s rights and a weak central government. He hated Hamilton’s idea of a national bank, it is not included in a strict reading of the Constitution. He held an agrarian nation as his utopian ideal. He was not at the convention where the Constitution was written; he was in France. Under Washington, he was the first US Secretary of State. He advised Washington against a national bank, but lost. He penned the Kentucky Resolutions encouraging states to disregard the Alien and Sedition Acts. Elected the 3rd President of the US in 1800, his presidency was the first peaceful transfer of power between major parties, the federalists (under John Adams) and the Democratic Republicans, his own party. He set the precedent, which lasted until Woodrow Wilson, of sending messages to Congress rather than speaking himself. He decreased the size of the army, defeated the pirates of Tripoli and bought Louisiana. He fought the misdeeds of France and England with a distatrous embargo (Stacy)

Articles of Confederation-First Constitutionesque document for the new United States of America. Based on states rights and a weak central government. Gave Congress no authority to impose taxes or regulate either interstate or foreign commerce. Each state got one vote in Congress, there was no uniformal national currency, no national court system, and no chief executive. Every state had to vote yes for an amendment to pass. Needed nine of thirteen sttes to approve passage of certain legislation. (Abby L.)

**Federalist Papers-** The Federalist Papers were published in 1787 and 1788. They were trying to persuade New York and Virginia voters to ratify the proposed constitution. They were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. (Laura) 
 * First Bank of the United States**- established in 1791 and was active until 1811 when it's charter collapsed and is the oldest bank in the U. S. (Brett)

Bill of Rights - Many citizens opposed the ratification of the Constitution unless a list of rights was added. Anti-federalists argued that only a list of basic civil rights could protect citisens from a tyrannical government. 10 amendments make up the bill of rights. (Devan)


 * Jay’s Treaty- ** In 1794, John Jay negotiated a treaty between the United States and Great Britain. The treaty averted the threat of war and corrected the problems arising from the violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1793. The Treaty regulated commerce and navigation as well as eliminated British control of western posts within two years, established America's claim for damages from British ship seizures, and provided America a limited right to trade in the West Indies. (Laura)

Constitution - the result of revising the Articles of Confederation, only completed because the delegates to the Constitutional Convention were able to reach a number of major compromises, Promise of a bill of rights was important to the ratification of the Constitution, opposed by anti-fedralists fearing strong central government (Devan)


 * Bacon’s Rebellion- ** In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a civil revolt in Virginia of colonial disagreement over response to an Indian uprising. Sir William Berkeley ordered Bacon not to attack though he did anyways. When Berkley threatened to remove Bacon from his council, Bacon marched through Jamestown, burned it, and drove Berkeley out of town. The rebellion ended after Bacon’s death. From that point on, British regulars were stationed permanently in the colony. (Laura)

Whiskey Rebellion - An uprising in rural Pennsylvania against the Whiskey Act of 1791, an excise tax to fund the national debt. This rebellion established the government's power to step in and use military force to suppress violence and enforce laws. (Nick)

Great Awakening- Occurred in the late 1700's when people passionately believed that society was becoming godless. Johnathan Edwards was the leader of this movement. (Alex)

Republican Motherhood- it's womens job to become good mothers to their sons. That way they become bright citizens capable of making an educated vote. (cory)

Henry Clay- known as the Great Compromisers, Henry Clay tried numerous times for the office of president with no success. He was a key part of the Treaty of Ghent (1814), The Missouri Compromise (1820), and the Compromise of 1850. He advocated the American system which called for internal improvements. He was became Speaker of the House after the corrupt bargain of 1824. (Rochelle)

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- The federalists passed the Alien and Sedition acts. In reaction to this Jefferson and Madison write the VA and KY resolutions. They attack the broad interpretation of the Constitution. This eventually led to the idea of nullifcation, where states could ignore a law that did not help their state. (Dana)

**Marbury v Madison - Formed the basis for judicial review in the United States. The first time the supreme court declared something unconstitutional. (1803) (Tucker)**


 * Macon’s Bill Number 2**- an act passed by Congress in 1810 that compelled Great Britain and France to lift their restrictions against U.S. shipping. Pulled U.S. in War of 1812 because if one country re-opened its trade with the U.S., they would re impose the restrictions against the other nation. (Brett)

<span style="color: #f23691; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**McCulloch v Maryland-** In 1819, James McCulloch was a cashier at the Bank of the United States in Maryland. He was brought to court for not paying a tax the state had imposed on the bank. It was a unanimous decision that the Supreme Court ruled that the “power to tax involves the power to destroy,”and the federal government's national bank was immune to state taxation. Congress also stated that they could write laws "necessary and proper" in order to carry out its <span style="color: #f23691; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">constitutional power to coin and regulate money. This is what made the national bank constitutional. (Laura)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Missouri Compromise**- compromise written by Henry Clay, and the issue of the Louisiana Purchase was settled by Maine being admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. Kept a balance of 12 states apiece, and future slave states would not be allowed above the 36 30 line which is the southern border of Missouri. (Brett) Monroe Doctrine- Policy announced by President Monroe that declared that all European nations should stay out of the Caribbean, Central, and South America. European nations could keep their current colonies but couldn't pursue new colonies. (Clark)

Tariff of Abominations- a bill passed in 1828 that was a high tariff on imported goods. The South didn't like it because it caused them to pay higher prices on goods that they didn't produce in that region. (Tyler)

Nullification- the concept that any state in the United States has the right to nullify any federal laws that the state feels does not apply to that state. Several southern states try to nuliify the tariff of abominations. This concept is a key part of the Civil War. (Erin)

Gospel of Wealth - the idea that the wealthy had been given their money and had to prove themselves morally responsible (Joanna)

Taft-Hartley Act- <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">1947 kept activities and power of labor unions in check, prohibited strikes, picketing, and closed shops, because of turmoil in unions at the time (Jake)

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Second Great Awakening- A religious movement in the first half of the nineteenth century that spread religion westward. It also had several specific effects in certain areas. It inspired social activism in New England, created the spread of new denominations in western New York, and in Kentucky and Tennessee revived the Methodist and Baptist churches. It also had several secular effects. It inspired and reinforced the frugality, strong work ethic, and temperance of the middle clas. It also spawned social reforms, which had a democratizing effect, including a strong push for suffrage rights. (Abby G)

Utopian Movements- groups of people with radical views that tried to create their own perfect communities. These movements were relatively unsuccessful and died out. (Nick)

Seneca Falls Convention - A convention held in New York in 1848. It was an early event which supported women's rights. (Brendan)

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Annexation of Texas- the US helped Texas break away from Mexico and became independent. Shortly after that the US annexed it. (Tim)

<span style="color: #28a9d7; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Manifest Destiny- idea that America's boundries were meant to expand as far west as possible. In the 1800's this led to the settlement of the west and the removal of natives from their land. (Alex)

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Wilmot Proviso -1846 - The amendment introduced by David Wilmot of Pennsylvania who feared another "slavocracy" in the south. The amendment stated that slavery would never exsist in any territory taken from Mexico. Passed through the House twice but never got through the Senate. The south did not want to lose possible slave states. Never a federal law, was endorsed by all but one of the free states' legislatures. Came to symbolize the major issue of slavery in the territories and how the governments would deal with it (Joanna).

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Compromise of 1850- orchestrated by Henry Clay this dealth with the potential spread of slavery into the new territories. California was added a free state. New Mexico and UTah could use popular sovereignty. Texas gave up lands in New Mexico and received $10 million to pay its debt. The slave trade was abolished in DC. There was a more strict fugitive slave law. This served as a temporary fix to the slavery problem. (Hannah)

Kansas Nebraska Act- 1854, created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820. It also allowed settlers in those territories to determine whether or not slavery would be permitted within the territories. The act was also influential in the debate for a transcontinental railroad. Pro-slavery settlers came to Kansas from Missouri to try to influence the vote so that slavery would be allowed in Kansas (Bleeding Kansas). The Kansas-Nebraska Act drove the nation closer to Civil War and gave rise to the Republican Party. Both Kansas adn Nebraska were admitted to the union as free states. (Abby G)

Dred Scott v Sanford- Supreme Court case that ruled that a slave was property and could be taken anyway. This eliminated the idea of creating boundary lines for slavery. (Clark)

Freeport Doctrine-1858- Stephen Douglas' doctrine that stated that slavery could be excluded from the territories by local legislation. This was a key issue in the Lincoln Douglas debates in Freeport Illinois while campaigning for senate. Douglas was trying to please both pro-slavery and anti-slavery voters. This set up the idea of popular sovereignty which was that the people of the area should decide whether or not to have slavery. (Hannah) <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="color: #ff00c7; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Fort Sumter - <span style="color: #ff00c7; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">first shots of the Civil war on April 12, 1861, Confederates fired on Fort SUmter off the Coast of Charleston, compelling fort's commander to surrender. Military victory of south but political victory of north because South had opened hostilities. (Devan)

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Emancipation Proclamation- January 1, 1863. Licoln made the emancipation proclamation after the battle of Gettysburg, it freed no slaves immediatly, was more talk than action, it was the first motion against slavery in the war, made the civil war into a battle against slavery (Shannon)

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">13th amendment - Adopted December 6, 1865, this amendment officially abolished and prohibited both slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime. The amendment was passed to assure that the Emancipation Proclamation would not be seen as a temporary war measure. This was the first Reconstruction Amendment. (Nick) <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 14th amendment- 1968- The 14th amendment gave civil rights to anyone who was born or naturalized in the US. It clearly defines citizenship. This amendment was part of reconstruction and was aimed at giving blacks full citizenship rights. Later other minority groups will use this amendment to support their rights as well. (Richter)

15th amendment- granted African Americans the right to vote. It was ratified on February 3, 1870. Although the states had to obey the law they used poll taxes and literacy tests to keep African Americans from actually voting. (Robert)


 * <span style="color: #ff00c7; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//<span style="color: #ff00c7; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">__Compromise of 1877__ - when Democratic and Republican parties made a deal in 1877 to give Hayes the vicotry in the presidential election if he agreed to remove the remaining federal troops from the southern states. this was officially the end to reconstruction. (Vanessa) // **

Plessy v Ferguson - 1896 Supreme Court Case that state public places for blacks had to be "seperate but equal" to wihtes. It was then overturned by Brown v. Board of Education. (Jess)

Sherman Antitrust Act - (1890) First measure passed by Congrss to prohibit trusts and was based on the constitutional power of Congress. The act was named for Senator John Sherman of Ohio. The act was used in some Supreme Court cases with success. (Hannah)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**Turner’s Frontier Thesis-** was a thesis created by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that stressed the process of moving the frontier line. It said that Americans would keep pushing the frontier line and it forshadowed imperialism. (Tyler)

Pendleton Civil Service Act - this act established the Civil Service Commission which placed federal employees under a merit system in 1883. (Tucker Seward’s Folly - purchase of Alaska in 1867 from Russia at $0.02 / acre by Sec. of State William Seward. at first seen as a mistake (or "folly"), later when gold and oil were discovered in Alaska it was seen as a wise decision (Katie B)

Annexation of Hawaii- 1898- US involvement in Hawaii was large especially in the sugarcane industry and the businesses involved pushed for annexation to gain more economic stability and to avoid paying tariffs. Cleveland's administration declared it illegal, but it eventually occurred under President McKinley. Queen Lilioukalani was removed from power. She stepped down peacefully in an effort to save her people. (Erin).


 * //<span style="color: #ff00c7; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">__Spanish American War__ - this war was spawned by yellow journalism and the sinking of the Maine (a U.S. battleship) and was fought over Cuba's independence. as a result, American won, with Cuba becoming a protectorate and Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines becoming territories. (Vanessa) //**

Open Door Policy- was used in China in the early 1900's as a way for the US to be able to trade with China. (Alex)

//<span style="color: #800080; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;">**<span style="color: #ff00c7; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">__Platt Amendment__ - prevented newly independent Cuba from making treaties with other nations and gave the U.S. control over Guantanamo Bay. this was part of the Cuba Constitution, therefore making Cuba a protectorate under America. (Vanessa) ** // Filipino-American War - (1899-1902) The war arose as a reaction to the US annexation of the Phillipine Islands. The Filipinos were unhappy that after fighting a war against the Spanish, they were now not being given their independance. President McKinley did not believe that they were capable of self-rule, so when the US took control of the islands, fighting broke out. Amilio Aguinaldo led the resistance on behlaf of the the rebels, and was hanged by the US government in 1907.(Abby G)

Roosevelt Corollary - 1904 amendment to the Monroe Doctrine that asserted the right of the US to intervene in Latin America (Katie B)

Progressivism - reform movement during the early 1900s brought on by the middle class. reforms in government, education, trustbusting, social work, and conservationism occured. the 16h, 17th, 18th, and 19th amendments were passed during this time (Katie B)

Settlement houses-most famous was the Hull House. workers and immigrants lived here for cheap. the ultimate goal of settlement houses was to remedy poverty and to help the assimilation of immigrants into american society (Matt) Mostly founded by women. They were houses that poor people could live in. The houses would house services like daycare, preschool, and job searching. The main goal of settlement houses was to provide a safe place for the poor people in society and to narrow the rich-poor gap that was beginning to grow. (Eric)

Social Darwinism - 19th century, Charles Darwin's scientific theory that only the fittest survived. This was then used to describe the social classes, many believed that the rich would get richer and the poor would get poorer. (Jess)

Dawes Severalty Act 1887- officially dissolved tribes as legal entities, in an attempt to assimilate indians into common society, Just another way the indians were harmed (Jake)

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Harlem Renaissance- Commonly known as the "New Negro Movement," it was a period of enlightenment of intellectual life for african americans between the 1920's and 30's. (Matt)

19th amendment- August 18, 1920. Voting rights cannot be based on gender, federal support can be given, gave women suffrage, they can now vote!! (Shannon)

Clayton Antitrust Act- passedin 1914, it supported the Sherman Anti-trust act, but made sure to support farmers and lanor unions. It prevented bad trusts, not good ones. (Dana)

World War I- 1914-1918 A battle between the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire and the Allied (Entente) Powers of Serbia, France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, the United States, and many more. When a Serbian shot the heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, Austria-Hungary sent an ultimatum to Serbian. The ultimatum was too radical and the Serbians refused to meet it. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia shortly after. Russia joined the Serbians, Germany joined Austria-Hungary, France joined Serbia because they despised the Germans, Germany declared war on Russia, and the United Kingdom declared war on German because Belgium was no longer neutral as they wished it to be. The United States began to prepare for war but did not declare war on Germany until 1917 when Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare. Woodrow Wilson said it was a war “to make the world safe for democracy.” American forces did not fully arrive until 1918 in France. The Americans helped the Allies to push the Germans back in the Argonne Forest and with heavy fighting, Germany surrendered. Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points successfully disarmed German. (Eric)

Espionage and Sedition Acts 1917-1918- Both the espionage act of 1917 and the sedition act of 1918 were put into place shortly after the United States' entrance into WW1. The Espionage act of 1917 prohibited interference with military operations, support for enemies, or inter ference with recruitment. The Sedition act of 1918 was signed into law by president wilson and forbade the use of disloyal, profane, or abusive language about the US Government. (matt)

1st red scare- A time where American feared communism and were paranoid of a communist takeover. This came after the Bolsevik revolution in Russia in 1917. US Investigated suspected radicals. These investigations were led by A. Mitchell Palmer. (Alex)

League of Nations- The League of Nations came about after World War I, when Woodrow Wilson helped for formulate its foundations with other nations. The purpose of the League of Nations was to create an international organization to stop war from breaking out by peacefully negotiating conflicts between countries. Woodrow Wilson personally rallied for the ratification of the League of Nations through the Senate, but opponents of his such as Republican Henry Cabot Lodge helped to persuade the Senate to vote against the League of Nations which ultimately ended any hopes of passing League of Nations legislation in America. (Meg)

Prohibition- enacted by the 18th amendment, it prohibited anyone from making, selling, or drinking alcohol. This movement was often led by women and sometimes targeted immigrat groups. Prohibition was not strictly enforced and was eventually repealed. (Tim)

Nativism- The public opinion of "native" born Americans that foreign immigrats were taking American jobs. (Rochelle)

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Roaring Twenties - The years following World War I and preceding the Great Depression, the 1920s were a time of prosperity, innovation, an ever-widening gap between classes, and significant changes in lifestyle and society. (Nick) Causes of Great Depression- some of the major causes of the Great Depression were overspeculation of land, stock market crash, unemployment, bank failures, failure of crops, money circulation, problems with value, and excessive consumerism. (KALE)

New Deal reforms- FDR's progrmas which aimed at relief, recovery, and reform. The short range goals were relief and immediate recovery. The long range goals were permanent recovery and reforms that would fix the problems that caused the depressions. These include FICA, FDIC, SEC, AAA, TVA, WPA, CCC and many more. (Richter)

World War II-The rise of fascism, militarism, and imperialism in Germany, Italy, and Asia led to the start of World War II. Originally we had a Neutrality Act saying we would not provide assistance to Great Britain. America bolsters Great Britain after Germany does air raids on London. Lend-Lease Bill passed. U-boats attack merchant ships in the Atlantic. December 7, 1941 Japan leads attack on Pearl Harbor, December 11, 1941, Congress declare war. Allied powers are USA, Great Britain, France, and Russia (FDR, Winston Churchill, Charles de Gaulle, and Joseph Stalin). Axis powers are Germany, Italy, and Japan (Hitler, Mussolini, and Hirohito). Hitler started holocaust agains all Jewish people, as well as gypsies and twins.June 6, 1944, D-Day, the invasion of the beaches in Normandy, France, involved some forty-six hundred vessels. Pushing back the German lines and freeing France, leading to the end of the war. Hitler commits suicide at the end of the war in his bunker. US focuses on island hopping to the big island of Japan in the Pacific. To get Japan to surrender the U.S. drops the first two atomic bombs on first Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and a second on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. (Abby L)

Atomic bombs- used against the Japanese during World War II so as to bring a quick end to the war with a minimal loss of life. President Truman chose to use the atomic bombs. They were dropped on Hiroshima on August 6 and Nagaski on August 9, 1945. (Robert)

Start of cold war-  Vladimir Lenin then Joseph Stalin were leaders of Russia that believed capitalism was bad and any capitalistic country was an enemy. Stalin converted Russia to the Soviet Union which had a government that was communist. Both the United States and the Soviet Union wanted to spread their forms of government through out the war. They both also had an arms race. Each wanted to have the most up to date arsenal of nuclear weapons. With the tensions of both races and the scare of communism in the United States, the world was in for a rough few decades. (Eric)

United Nations- The United Nations is an international organization which promotes cooperation between countries to support international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and world peace. The United Nations was founded in 1945 after World War II. The UN replaced the ineffective League of Nations. (Meg)

<span style="color: #808000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">NATO- NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was created to threaten the USSR during the Cold War. America joined Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg in an effort to show the USSR if they tried to attack any of the smaller more vulnerable countries America would step in and attack the USSR. (Meg)

Truman Doctrine- policy President Truman pushed, starting in 1947, to contain Communism by aiding countries at risk of Communist takeovers. The official purpose was for the US to”support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”. This policy led to aid for Turkey and Greece, the Marshall Plan, and the European Community. The Truman doctrine was primarily aimed towards Europe (Stacy)

McCarthyism - 1940's - 1950's, came about with the second red scare which opposed communism. Joseph McCarthy was the first person to accuse communism in place such as Hollywood. When he accused the U.S. army of communism McCarthyism died. (Jess)

Korean War- The US became involved in the Korean war to protect democratice South Korea when the North Korean communists invaded. The country was orginially divided at the 48th parallel. The North pushed down very far and then the south answered back pushing them close to China. Then China joined the side of the North Koreans. In the end Korea was divided at roughly the same spot. It is still divided today. (Tim)


 * Civil Rights Movement**- Civil Rights Movement refers to the period in the mid 1950s through the 1960s where African Americans worked on receiving basic rights. The movement brought in great leaders like like Martin Luther King Jr. stood for racial desegregation, and Malcolm X who advocated black supremacy. Non-violent tactics such as "sit-ins" were used to protest for African American rights, specifically in association with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Freedom Rides were yet another form of protest where African Americans rode interstate buses into segregated Southern States to fight for integrated busing in all parts of the U.S. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed unequal voter registration requirements. The Voting Acts of 1965 ended discriminatory voting practices, such as having to pass literary tests and fulfilling other criteria based on race. (Meg)

Black Power Movement- The more militant aspect of the Civil Rights movements. The idea was the instead of blacks trying to assimilate into white society, they should stay separate and become as powerful as possible. Malcom X and Stokley Carmichael are two leaders associated with this idea. (Mark)

Cuban Missile Crisis- in October 1962 aerial photos from an American spy plan revealed that the Soviets were secretly installing nuclear weapons in Cuba. The US issed a quarantine of Soviets ships heading to Cuba. These ships eventually turned around. There was a secret deal that ended the crisis which called for the US to remove their missiles from Turkey. (Richter)

Vietnam War- Fought between Communist Northern Vietnam and the U.S. supported South Vietnamese government. U.S. entered the war to contain communism and prevent a communist takeover in South Vietnam. U.S. Fought South Vietnamese Communist Viet Cong forces and the North Vietnamese army. Involvement peaked during the Tet offensive when Vietnamese attacked on the holiday of Tet. The war drug on for over a decade with great spending and many deaths. U.S. was no victorious. (Brandon)

Environmental movement- natural resources began being conserved under presidents Teddy Roosevelt and Taft. The Desert Land Act of 1877 sold government desert land cheap in return for a promise to irrigate and cultivate it. The Forest Reserve Act legalized public lands being set aside as national parks, forests, and reserves. The Carey Act of 1894 gave federal land to the states to be settled and irrigated. Newlands Act of 1902 allotted money from the sale of public lands for irrigation projects. In this time period, the main view was that nature should not be wastefully exploited, but carefully used. Conservation did not return as a major movement until Rachel C arson published “Silent Spring” in the 1960s. The EPA and OSHA came into existence in 1970. Clean Air Act 0f 1970 and Endangered Species Act of 1973 helped EPA enforce these issues. The environmental movement still exists today. (Stacy)

Feminist Movement - The feminist movement has been around for most of our coutnries history but has gone in waves. The first was before the civil war in the 1840's and 1850's. These women paired with abolistionists to work for black rights as well. These women include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. The second wave was between 1900 and 1920 and focused mainly on gaining the right to vote. These women include Alice Paul and Margaret Sanger. The third wave was between 1960's and 1970's. Leaders such as Betty Friedan now rallied for a true workplace, status in society, etc. (Jess)

Great Society- Lyndon B. Johnson pushed for this in his political motions, money and healthcare was given to aid poverty stricken people, some believed too much money was spent, Vietnam spending destroyed the budget for the great society (Shannon)

1968- Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr both assasinated. Democratic convention had many riots. Nixon won presidential election. (cory)

Watergate- scandal that erupted after Nixon's campaign staff was caught breaking into Democratic National Committee Headquarters in Watergate Hotel. Recordings from Nixon's office revealed that he was involved in the scandal and the cover-up. This led to Nixon's resignation from the Presidency. (Brandon)

War Powers Resolution - Passed in 1973 as a result of Vietnam, resolution that said president had to notify congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces abroad. (Tucker)

Energy crisis 1970’s- America supported Israel in the Yom Kippur war and as a result OPEC placed an oil embargo on American in October of 1973. (Robert)

Containment Policy- the belief that Communism needed to be contained or prevented from spreading to other nations. This policy guided the decisions of the US throughout the cold war. (Mark)

<span style="color: #4160a4; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Betty Friedan- <span style="color: #5695c8; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> wrote "The Feminine Mistique", woman's activist leader, founded National Organization for Women (Dana)

Immigration restrictions 1920’s-Nativists outraged at amount of immigrants coming into country. Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set a 3% of the people of their nationality who had been living in the United States in 1910. Then in 1924 they dropped the percent from 3% to 2% with the <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Immigration Act of 1924. Canadians and Latin Americans were not included in these qoutas since most of those immigrants would eventually return to their home country. The Immigration Acts said no Japanese immigrants were allowed in the U.S. outraging the Japanese. Affected the South eastern european countries the most. (Abby L.)

**<span style="color: #f23691; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Gulf of Tonkin resolution- was a congressional resolution passed in 1964 that authorized military action in southeast Asia. It allowed the U.S. to fight Vietnam war without congressional declaration of war. (Tyler)

<span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Iranian Hostage situation - 53 Americans were held hostage for 444 days from 1979-1981 by Islamist students. (Tucker) **

Equal Rights Amendment- This decleared that the equality of rights under the law should not be denied by anyone based on gender. Many women tried to get this amendment passed over a long period of time. In 1972 it was approved by congress but failed to get the approval from the state. It was never added to the Constitution. (Richter).

Reagonomics- 1980's- also known as supply side economics. This was Reagan's economic policy that supported giving breaks to businesses in an effort to stimulate the economy (Erin).

End of Cold War- Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union. President Regan and later President Bush signed many treaties that promised to slow down the arms race with Gorbachev. By 1989 the Soviet Union and the other communist countries were losing power on the world stage. After a bad crop, the Soviet Union was forced to break and form the Commonwealth of Independent States on December 25, 1991. (Eric)

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Persian Gulf War- in 1991 conflict between Iraq and a coalition of 32 nations over Iraq's invasion of Kuwait (Tyler)

11th amendment- passed by congress on March 4, 1794 and was ratified Feb. 7 1795 it explains that states can be inolved in lawsuits. (KALE)

12th amendment- 1804- defined procedures for electing the president and vice president. This made candidates run together on the same ticket. This replaced the previous system which was that the runner up became the vice president. This also explained that if no candidate won the electoral vote, the House would chose from the top 3 candidates. (Rochelle)

16th amendment- 1913- gave congress the power to impose an income tax (Tim)

17th amendment - established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. (Brendan Quay)

18th amendment- The 18th amendment baned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. It was ratified on January 16, 1919 and was repealed by the 21st amendment.

20th amendment - ratified January 23, 1933, established the beginning and ending of the presidential term (January 20 at noon) and directs what to do if there is no president elect. Before the presidential term began in March. (Katie B)

21st amendment - repealed the 18th amendment and ended Prohibition (Brandon)

<span style="color: #f23691; font-family: Georgia,serif;">22nd amendment-limited how many terms a president could serve to two terms of 4-years. Also no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to President more than once. Does not apply to Truman. Amendment must be ratified by three fourths within seven years of its admission. (Abby L.)

23rd amendment- this gave the District of Colombia 3 electoral votes in presidential elections. (Mark)

24th amendment- banned limitations on voting rights, specifically poll taxes. (Erin)

25th amendment- states the line of succesion in case the president dies, the vice takes over. (cory)

<span style="color: #08bf17; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">26th amendment - Adopted on July 1, 1971. Voting age reduced to 18. Mostly due to student protests over the Vietnam War – they could be drafted when they had no say as to who the leaders of the nation were (Joanna).

27th amendment- 1992- states that congressional pay raises won't go into effect until the next term. (Clark)

Brown v Board of Education- This Supreme Court case allowed black students to go to white schools. Found separte but equal schools for blacks unconstitutional. 1954 (KALE)

Korematsu v US- Supreme court ruled that the exclusion order of Japanesse Americans into camps during WW2 was constitutional. 1944(cory)

Roe v Wade - Contraversial court case deciding abortion was legal 1973 (Brendan Quay)

Federalist party- (1792-1816) a U.S. political party which controlled the government until 1801... they wanted a strong, nationalistic government and a national bank (Jake)

<span style="color: #ff00c7; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;">**//__Anti-Federalist Party__ -//** **//believed that the central government should be equal, but not having more power than the state government. the party rejected the Constitution of 1787 and was concerned that the president might evolve in a monarchy. it was created in the 1780's and led by Patrick Henry of Virginia. (Vanessa)//** Democratic Republican Party- formed in 1792 by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, this was the most powerful political party from 1800-1824. Was the party during the first era of good feelings. In favor of strict interpretation of the constitution and strong states rights. In favor of the contract theory. Disbanded into smaller factions after 1824. (Tucker)

**National Republican party**- The National Republican party existed between 1825 and 1833. The party was dformed after the polarizing election of 1824 (the corrupt bargain election), which caused deep divisions between Jackson and Adams supporters. The National Republicans were pro-Adams, and promoted national unity among regions of the country. Other focuses of the National Republicans were using national resources to build a strong nation, and a protective tariff. The National Republicans were succeeded by the Whig party. (Abby G)


 * <span style="color: #f23691; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//<span style="color: #ff00c7; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">__Liberty Party__ - it was formed in 1839 in Warsaw, New York, and opposed the practice of slavery. it broke away from the Anti-Slavery Society because of William Lloyd Garrison's poor leadership skills. James G. Birney ran for president of the party in the election of 1840 and 1844, and lost both, but collected many votes. Samuel Chase later became the leader and had a significant influence on the party, successfully merging the Liberty Party with the Free Soil Party in 1848. (Vanessa) // **

Free Soil Party- antislavery party, key in election of 1848. they supported moderate tariffs for revenue and the homestead law. established by Martin Van Buren (Dana) **American Party**- Formed out of the Know Nothing Party, Know Nothing Party was renamed in 1855 after the 1854 election to be known as the American Party. It was a nativist party, mainly anti-Catholic, formed as a response to the large influx of mainly German Catholics between 1830 and 1860. The party consisted mostly of Protestant former Whigs and Democrats. The American Party ran Millard Fillmore as their presidential candidate in 1856, but lost. The party existed mainly between 1854 and 1856. (Abby Golden)

Union party- formed in 1936. It proposed a populist alternative to the New Deal reforms of FDR during the great depression. Was involved in 1936 election and dissolved quickly after. (Tyler)

Democratic party-Oldest political party in the United States, has over 71 million voters, tends toward liberal decisions and a stronger central government since FDR but before 1932 was in favor of a small central government with little interference on the individual. (Tucker)

Republican party-  one of the two major political parties in the U.S., founded in 1854 on the platform of abolishing slavery, leans toward conservative decisions, (1854-present) (Jake)

Greenback Labor party- The greenback party was established in 1875 got most of their support from farmers. In 1878, that party joined with unions to form the greenback labor party. James Weaver was the leader and ran in the election of 1880. They wanted policies that would allow all classes to share in the wealth of America. Many members of this party eventually merged with the democratic party. (Hannah)

Prohibition party- The prohibition party is a political party in the US best known for its platform against the sale and distribution of alcohol. It was a key part of the temperence movement and most prevelent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries but faded out after the repeal of prohibition in 1933. (Matt)

Populist party- established in 1887, it was created mostly because of the free silver movement which caused it to be short lived as that movement didn't last, ran in every election untill 1908 when party dissolved. Most known for 1896 election.(Tyler)

<span style="color: #5695c8; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Socialist party- <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">In 1901, the Social Democratic Party and Socialist Labor Party merged to form the Socialist Party. Eugene Debs was a leading figure of this party. This was a fairly large third party with about 125,000 members. The Socialists believed that the states provide everything to the people. Mainly the party dealt with “American problems in an American way.” One thing they focused on was trying to get blue collar workers to have higher pay wages and better working conditions. The party slowly started to decline in the 1920’s as the public’s disapproval of the war and government suppression impacted members. (Laura)

Progressive party-In the US the progressive party, also known as the bull moose party, formed out of a split in the republican party in the election of 1912. It was created by theodore roosevelt after failing to gain the republican nomination. Its platform was the belief in a strong government to regulate industry and protect the middle and working classes. (Matt)

State’s Rights Democratic Party- Commonly known as the "dixiecrats" and was a splinter party of the democrats in 1948. Their platform was the preservation of the southern way of life as it was set forth by the central government. J. Strom Thurmond was their candidate in the 1948 presidential campaign and they managed to gain a few electoral votes from deep southern states which is significant for a third party. (Matt)

Union Labor party- organized in Ohio in 1887 to unite the greenback labor party with wage earners. The haymarket square riot of 1886 led to the downfall of the party. (Brett) Reform party- founded in 1992 by self made billionaire, H. Ross Perot of Texas. By grabbing 19% of the popular vote in 1992, the party gained attention. The reform party focused on economic and government reform and ignored social issues. Top priorities of the party include higher ethical standards for congress, balancing the budget, term limits, tax system overhaul, revisions to medicare, medicaid, and social security. (Brett)

Green party- the green party is committed to environmentalism, non-violence, and justice. Ralph Nader was a leading candidate in 2000. They stand for protecting the environment, human rights, feminism, gender equality, and respect for diversity. (Hannah)

Whig Party- critics of Andrew Jackson and the Bank of AMerica. similar to old Federalist party. Hamiltonian preferences. slavery issue slpit party. key in elections of 1836-1856 (Dana)

Constitutional Union Party- in the election of 1860, members of this party came from the Whigs and American party. This party was in favor of saving the union through compromises. The candidate was John Bell and he won electoral votes in 3 states.

National Union Party- in the election of 1864, members of this party came from the Republicans and the pro-war Democrats. This election only occured in the north. Lincoln was reelcted and Johnson was brought in as vice because he was a pro-war democrat.